In my most recent Above the Law post, I discussed the recent publication of an interim final rule (the Rule) by the DEA, which, I argued, threatens the hemp industry by treating partially processed hemp extract not intended for consumption as a Schedule I controlled substance.
But the Rule does more than menace partially processed hemp, it also has the potential to destroy the flourishing delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8 THC) industry.
Here is why.
The Rule provides that:
For tetrahydrocannabinols that are naturally occurring constituents of the plant material, Cannabis sativa L., any material that contains 0.3% or less of D9-THC by dry weight is not controlled, unless specifically controlled elsewhere under the CSA [the Controlled Substances Act]. Conversely, for tetrahydrocannabinols that are naturally occurring constituents of Cannabis sativa L., any such material that contains greater than 0.3% of D9-THC by dry weight remains a controlled substance in schedule I. The [2018 Farm Bill] does not impact the control status of synthetically derived tetrahydrocannabinols (for Controlled Substance Code Number 7370) because the statutory definition of “hemp” is limited to materials that are derived from the plant Cannabis sativa L. For synthetically derived tetrahydrocannabinols, the concentration of D9-THC is not a determining factor in whether the material is a controlled substance. All synthetically derived tetrahydrocannabinols remain schedule I controlled substances. (Emphasis added).
Neither the Rule nor Federal law, including the CSA, expressly define “synthetically derived tetrahydrocannabinols.”
However, some of the DEA regulations address the issue of “synthetic THC” in the context of “synthetic marijuana,” also known as “Spice” or “K2,” which is listed under Section 812(c)(d) of the CSA; and in the context of the schedule I listing of “Tetrahydrocannabinol” (THC), under Section 812(c)(c)(17) of the CSA.
In the context of “synthetic marijuana,” which the DEA describes as a “synthetic version of THC,” “synthetic THC” refers to a mixture of plant material sprayed with synthetic psychoactive chemicals. In a 2017 Resource Guide, the DEA further explains that “[s]ynthetic cannabinoids are not organic, but are chemical compounds created in a laboratory.” (Emphasis added).
In the context of the schedule I listing of “Tetrahydrocannabinol,” the DEA revised its regulations in 2003 to specify that the term refers to both “natural” and “synthetic” THC; however, the agency’s clarification did not touch on the actual meaning of “synthetic.”
Therefore, based on the information found in the DEA regulations and publications, it appears the agency refers to the ordinary meaning of “synthetic,” which the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines as a substance “relating to, or produced by chemical or biochemical synthesis.”
As a result, this definition suggests that the Rule, specifically the text highlighted in bold herein, may extend to hemp-derived THC cannabinoids with a Delta-9 THC concentration that does not exceed 0.3%.
This, in turn, would mean that the hottest cannabinoid currently found on the U.S. market, Delta-8 THC, would probably be treated as a schedule I controlled substance by the DEA.
This is because Delta-8 THC, which is not expressed in sufficient concentrations in most hemp cultivars to make its extraction economically viable, is produced through a chemical reaction initiation by a catalyst that converts hemp-derived CBD (Hemp CBD). As such, Delta-8 THC would be a “synthetically derived THC” substance, in accordance with the Rule.
Although such interpretation of the Rule would suggest a total disregard of the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (the 2018 Farm Bill), which legalized hemp, including hemp derivatives (a “derivative” is defined as “a substance that can be made from another substance”), it is also fairly clear that the 2018 Farm Bill did not intend to legalize any form of cannabis that gets users high, as reflected in the provisions imposing a Delta-9 THC limit of no more than 0.3%.
Moreover, given the similarities between Delta-8 THC and Delta-9 THC’s chemical structures, molecular formula and molecular weight, their psychoactive effects, and the DEA’s position on and its historical control of all forms of THC, the Rule only confirms what many of us expected: that hemp-derived cannabinoids with psychoactive effects, even if less potent than those of Delta-9 THC, would be deemed unlawful by federal enforcement groups.
Ultimately, the Rule and the issues raised in this blog post and in the prior one bring to light lingering confusion and statutory ambiguities surrounding hemp, its derivatives, extracts and cannabinoids, which should be addressed by Congress or by the courts before the DEA gets to adopt such regulations.
It is abundantly clear through this Rule that the DEA is attempting to impede on the hemp industry, so it is vital for hemp stakeholders to submit their comment by October 20 to halt the DEA and help the hemp industry follow its course and succeed.
Nathalie Bougenies practices out of Harris Bricken’s Portland office and focuses on the regulatory framework of hemp-derived CBD (“hemp CBD”) products. She is an authority on FDA enforcement, Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act and other laws and regulations surrounding hemp and hemp CBD products. She also advises domestic and international clients on the sale, distribution, marketing, labeling, importation and exportation of these products. Nathalie frequently speaks on these issues and has made national media appearances, including on NPR’s Marketplace. For two consecutive years, Nathalie has been selected as a “Rising Star” by Super Lawyers Magazine, an honor bestowed on only 2.5% of eligible Oregon attorneys. Nathalie is also a regular contributor to her firm’s Canna Law Blog.